5 posts tagged with "Playwright"

The landscape of software testing is experiencing a fundamental shift.
While traditional approaches to test data generation have relied heavily
on static datasets and predefined scenarios, the integration of Large
Language Models (LLMs) with modern testing frameworks like Playwright is
opening new frontiers in creating intelligent, adaptive, and remarkably
realistic test scenarios.

This evolution represents more than just a technological upgrade — it's
a paradigm shift toward test automation that thinks, adapts, and
generates scenarios with human-like creativity and contextual
understanding. By harnessing the power of AI, we can move beyond the
limitations of hardcoded test data and embrace a future where our tests
are as dynamic and unpredictable as the real users they're designed to
simulate.

The Evolution of Test Data Generation​

Traditional test data generation has long been the bottleneck in
comprehensive testing strategies. Teams typically rely on manually
crafted datasets, often consisting of predictable patterns like John Doe,
jane.smith@example.com, or sequential numerical values.
While these approaches serve basic functional testing needs, they fall
short in several critical areas.

The static nature of conventional test data creates blind spots in our
testing coverage. Real users don't behave in predictable patterns —
they make typos, use unconventional email formats, enter unexpected
combinations of data, and navigate applications in ways that defy our
assumptions. Traditional test data rarely captures this organic
unpredictability, leaving applications vulnerable to edge cases that
only surface in production.

Furthermore, maintaining diverse test datasets becomes increasingly
complex as applications grow. Different user personas require different
data patterns, various geographic regions have unique formatting
requirements, and evolving business rules demand constant updates to
existing datasets. This maintenance overhead often leads to test data
that becomes stale, irrelevant, or insufficient for thorough validation.

LLMs present a revolutionary alternative to these challenges. By
understanding context, generating human-like variations, and adapting to
specific requirements, AI-powered test data generation transforms
testing from a reactive process into a proactive, intelligent system
that anticipates and validates against real-world scenarios.

Leveraging LLM APIs for Dynamic Test Data​

The integration of LLM APIs into Playwright testing workflows opens
unprecedented possibilities for generating contextually appropriate,
diverse, and realistic test data. Unlike traditional random data
generators that produce syntactically correct but semantically
meaningless information, LLMs can create data that reflects genuine user
patterns and behaviors.

Modern LLM APIs excel at understanding context and generating
appropriate responses based on specific requirements. When tasked with
creating user profiles for an e-commerce application, an LLM doesn't
just generate random names and addresses — it creates coherent personas
with realistic purchasing behaviors, geographic correlations, and
demographic consistency. A generated user from Tokyo will have
appropriate postal codes, culturally relevant names, and shopping
patterns that align with regional preferences.

This contextual understanding extends beyond basic demographic data.
LLMs can generate realistic product reviews that reflect genuine
sentiment patterns, create believable user-generated content with
appropriate tone and style, and even simulate realistic interaction
sequences that mirror how real users navigate through complex workflows.

The dynamic nature of LLM-generated data means that each test run can
work with fresh, unique datasets while maintaining the structural
integrity required for consistent test execution. This approach
eliminates the staleness problem inherent in static test data while
ensuring that applications are validated against an ever-evolving range
of realistic scenarios.

Creating Realistic User Personas with AI​

The creation of realistic user personas represents one of the most
compelling applications of LLM-powered test data generation. Traditional
personas are often simplified archetypes that fail to capture the
complexity and nuance of real user behavior. AI-generated personas,
however, can embody sophisticated characteristics that more accurately
reflect your actual user base.

LLM-generated personas can incorporate multiple layers of complexity
simultaneously. A persona might be a working parent with specific time
constraints, technology comfort levels, and purchasing motivations. The
AI can generate consistent behavior patterns across different
interaction points, ensuring that the same persona makes logical choices
throughout various test scenarios.

These AI-generated personas can also reflect current demographic trends
and cultural nuances that might be overlooked in manually created
profiles. They can incorporate regional variations in behavior,
generational differences in technology adoption, and industry-specific
preferences that make testing more relevant and comprehensive.

The adaptability of AI personas means they can evolve with your
application and user base. As new features are introduced or user
behaviors change, the LLM can generate updated personas that reflect
these shifts, ensuring that your testing remains aligned with real-world
usage patterns.

Simulating Real User Behavior Patterns​

Beyond static data generation, LLMs excel at creating dynamic behavioral
patterns that simulate realistic user journeys through applications.
Real users rarely follow the happy path that dominates traditional test
scenarios. They backtrack, abandon workflows, make corrections, and
exhibit hesitation patterns that can reveal important usability issues
and edge cases.

AI-generated behavior patterns can simulate these organic interaction
flows with remarkable fidelity. An LLM can generate scenarios where
users start a checkout process, navigate away to compare prices, return
to complete the purchase, then realize they need to update their
shipping address. These realistic interruption and resumption patterns
often expose race conditions, state management issues, and user
experience problems that linear test scenarios miss.

The sophistication of behavioral simulation extends to modeling
different user expertise levels. Novice users might exhibit exploration
patterns, clicking on help text and spending time understanding
interface elements. Expert users might employ keyboard shortcuts, batch
operations, and efficient navigation patterns. By generating tests that
reflect these different interaction styles, applications can be
validated against the full spectrum of user competencies.

Temporal behavior patterns also become accessible through AI generation.
Users might exhibit different behaviors during peak hours, weekend
browsing, or holiday shopping periods. LLMs can generate scenarios that
reflect these temporal variations, ensuring applications perform well
under different usage contexts and user mindsets.

Automated Edge Case and Boundary Condition Generation​

One of the most powerful applications of LLM-powered test data
generation lies in the automatic identification and creation of edge
cases and boundary conditions. Traditional testing often relies on human
intuition and experience to identify potential edge cases, a process
that is inherently limited by individual knowledge and perspective.

LLMs can systematically explore the boundaries of data validity and user
behavior in ways that human testers might not consider. They can
generate scenarios that combine multiple edge conditions simultaneously,
creating compound edge cases that are particularly likely to expose
application vulnerabilities.

For form validation testing, an LLM might generate test cases that
combine maximum length inputs with special characters, Unicode edge
cases, and unusual formatting patterns. Rather than testing these
conditions in isolation, the AI can create realistic scenarios where
users might naturally encounter these combinations, providing more
meaningful validation of application robustness.

The AI's ability to understand context means it can generate edge cases
that are relevant to specific domains and use cases. A financial
application might receive test data that explores currency conversion
edge cases, leap year calculations, and regulatory compliance
boundaries. A social media platform might be tested with content that
approaches character limits while including diverse languages, emoji
combinations, and media attachments.

Building Context-Aware Test Scenarios​

The true power of LLM-driven test data generation emerges when scenarios
become context-aware and adaptive to specific application domains and
user flows. Rather than applying generic test patterns across all
applications, AI can generate highly relevant scenarios that reflect the
unique characteristics and requirements of specific systems.

Context-aware generation means that test scenarios for a healthcare
application will naturally incorporate medical terminology, regulatory
requirements, and patient privacy considerations. E-commerce tests will
reflect seasonal shopping patterns, inventory constraints, and payment
processing complexities. Educational platforms will generate scenarios
that account for different learning styles, assessment formats, and
institutional policies.

This contextual understanding extends to recognizing application state
and generating appropriate follow-up scenarios. If a test scenario
involves a user making a purchase, the AI can generate realistic
post-purchase behaviors like order tracking, returns processing, or
customer service interactions. These connected scenarios provide more
comprehensive validation of end-to-end user journeys.

The adaptability of context-aware generation means that test scenarios
can evolve as applications change. When new features are introduced or
user flows are modified, the AI can generate updated test scenarios that
reflect these changes, ensuring that testing remains comprehensive and
relevant without requiring manual intervention.

Data-Driven Testing That Evolves​

The integration of LLM-powered data generation with Playwright creates
opportunities for truly evolutionary testing approaches. Rather than
running the same tests with the same data repeatedly, applications can
be continuously validated against fresh, diverse scenarios that adapt to
changing requirements and user behaviors.

This evolutionary approach means that test coverage naturally expands
over time as the AI generates new scenarios and identifies previously
untested combinations of conditions. The system becomes more
comprehensive with each execution, building a growing library of
validated scenarios while continuously exploring new testing
territories.

The adaptive nature of AI-generated test data also means that testing
can respond to production insights and user feedback. If certain types
of issues are discovered in production, the AI can generate additional
test scenarios that explore similar conditions, helping prevent related
problems in future releases.

Implementation Strategies and Best Practices​

Successfully implementing LLM-powered test data generation requires
careful consideration of several key factors. The quality and
effectiveness of generated test data depends heavily on the clarity and
specificity of prompts provided to the AI. Vague requests for "user
data" will produce generic results, while detailed prompts that specify
user demographics, behavior patterns, and contextual requirements will
yield much more valuable test scenarios.

Establishing clear boundaries and validation criteria for AI-generated
data is crucial. While LLMs excel at creating realistic and diverse
data, they require guidance to ensure that generated scenarios remain
within acceptable parameters and don't introduce unwanted complexity or
invalid assumptions into test suites.

The iterative refinement of AI-generated test scenarios based on
execution results and application feedback creates a continuous
improvement loop. Initial scenarios may be broad and exploratory, but
over time, the focus can shift toward areas that prove most valuable for
identifying issues and validating critical functionality.

Integration with existing testing infrastructure requires careful
consideration of data formats, test execution patterns, and result
validation approaches. The goal is to enhance existing testing
capabilities rather than replace them entirely, creating a hybrid
approach that leverages the strengths of both traditional and AI-powered
testing methods.

Measuring Success and ROI​

The effectiveness of LLM-powered test data generation can be measured
through several key indicators. Defect detection rates provide insight
into whether AI-generated scenarios are identifying issues that
traditional testing approaches miss. Coverage metrics can reveal whether
the diversity of generated data is expanding the scope of validated
functionality.

Test maintenance overhead represents another important metric. If
AI-generated test data reduces the time and effort required to maintain
comprehensive test suites, this provides clear evidence of value. The
ability to adapt to changing requirements without manual intervention
should result in reduced maintenance costs over time.

User satisfaction and production incident rates offer ultimate
validation of testing effectiveness. If AI-generated test scenarios are
successfully identifying and preventing issues that would otherwise
impact users, this demonstrates the real-world value of the approach.

Future Directions and Emerging Possibilities​

The convergence of LLM capabilities with testing frameworks represents
just the beginning of a broader transformation in software quality
assurance. As AI models become more sophisticated and domain-specific,
we can expect even more targeted and effective test data generation
capabilities.

The integration of multimodal AI capabilities opens possibilities for
generating not just text-based test data, but also realistic images,
audio files, and other media types that applications might need to
process. This comprehensive data generation capability will enable more
thorough validation of multimedia applications and content management
systems.

Real-time adaptation based on application behavior and user feedback
represents another frontier. AI systems could potentially monitor
application performance and user interactions, automatically generating
new test scenarios that explore areas of concern or validate recent
changes.

The development of specialized AI models trained on domain-specific
datasets could provide even more accurate and relevant test data
generation for industries with unique requirements, such as healthcare,
finance, or manufacturing.

In Short​

The integration of LLM-powered test data generation with Playwright
represents a fundamental evolution in software testing methodology. By
moving beyond static, predictable test data toward dynamic, contextually
aware scenarios, we can create testing approaches that more accurately
reflect the complexity and unpredictability of real-world usage.

The benefits extend beyond simple test coverage improvements.
AI-generated test data reduces maintenance overhead, adapts to changing
requirements, and continuously explores new testing territories. This
approach transforms testing from a reactive process into a proactive,
intelligent system that anticipates potential issues and validates
applications against realistic user scenarios.

As LLM capabilities continue to advance and integration patterns mature,
the potential for intelligent test data generation will only expand.
Organizations that embrace these approaches today will be better
positioned to deliver robust, user-friendly applications that perform
reliably under the full spectrum of real-world conditions.

The future of software testing lies not in replacing human insight and
expertise, but in augmenting it with AI capabilities that can generate,
explore, and validate at scales and levels of sophistication that were
previously impossible. Through the thoughtful integration of LLM-powered
test data generation with frameworks like Playwright, we can create
testing approaches that are more comprehensive, adaptive, and effective
than ever before.

Modern applications are evolving fast, and so should our testing. Manual test case writing can't keep pace with complex UIs, rapid development, and ever-increasing test coverage demands. This is where AI-powered test generation shines.

In this article, you'll discover how to leverage GPT models to generate Playwright tests automatically from user stories, mockups, and API specs—cutting test creation time by up to 80% and boosting consistency.

🚀 The AI Testing Revolution – Why Now?​

Web applications today have:

• Dynamic UIs
• Complex workflows
• Rapid iteration cycles

Manual testing falls short due to:

• ⏳ Time-consuming scripting
• 🎯 Inconsistent test quality
• 🛠 High maintenance overhead
• 📉 Skill gaps in Playwright expertise

IMPORTANT: AI-generated tests solve these issues by converting high-level specifications into consistent, executable scripts—within minutes.

🔍 Core Use Cases​

1. 🧾 User Story → Test Script​

User Story: “As a customer, I want to add items to my shopping cart, modify quantities, and checkout.”

An LLM can auto-generate Playwright tests for:

• Item addition/removal
• Quantity updates
• Cart persistence
• Checkout validation

2. 🧩 UI Mockups → UI Tests​

From screenshots or Figma mockups, AI identifies UI components and generates:

• Field validation tests
• Button click paths
• Navigation workflows

3. 📡 API Docs → Integration Tests​

Given OpenAPI specs or Swagger files, AI generates:

• API response validators
• Auth flow tests
• Data transformation checks

4. 🔁 Regression Suite Generation​

Scan your codebase and let AI generate:

• Tests for business-critical paths
• Version-aware regression scenarios
• Cross-browser validations

✍️ Prompt Engineering: The Secret Sauce​

High-quality output requires high-quality prompts.

TIP: Craft prompts like you're onboarding a new teammate. Be specific, structured, and clear.

🧠 Tips for Better Prompts​

1. Context-Rich: Include business logic, user persona, architecture info.
2. Structured Templates: Use consistent input formats.
3. Code Specs: Tell the AI about your conventions, selectors, assertions.

🛠️ How AI Builds Playwright Tests​

The test generation pipeline includes:

• Requirement parsing
• Scenario/edge case detection
• Selector/locator inference
• Assertion strategy
• Setup/teardown

TIP: AI-generated tests often contain proper waits, good selectors, and meaningful error handling out of the box.

🔬 Examples by Domain​

🛒 E-commerce Cart​

• Add/remove items
• Update quantity
• Validate prices
• Empty cart flows

📋 Form Validation​

• Required field checks
• Format enforcement
• Success + error paths
• Accessibility & UX feedback

🔄 API Integration​

• GET/POST/PUT/DELETE tests
• 401/403/500 handlers
• JSON schema validation
• Token expiration

⚖️ AI vs. Manual Tests​

IMPORTANT: Use AI for breadth, and humans for depth. Combine both for maximum coverage.

🧠 Advanced Prompt Engineering​

🧪 Multi-Shot Prompting​

Provide several examples for the AI to follow.

🧵 Chain-of-Thought Prompting​

Ask AI to reason before generating.

🔁 Iterative Refinement​

Start, review, improve. Repeat.

🎭 Role-Based Prompting​

“Act like a senior QA” gets better results than generic prompts.

🧩 Integrating AI into Your CI/CD Workflow​

Phase 1: Foundation​

• Define test structure
• Create reusable prompt templates
• Set up review pipelines

Phase 2: Pilot​

• Begin with UI flows, login, cart, or forms
• Involve human reviewers

Phase 3: Scale​

• Add coverage for APIs, edge cases
• Train team on prompt best practices

🛡️ Maintaining AI-Generated Tests​

Use tagging to distinguish AI-generated files.

Review regularly for:

• Fragile selectors
• Obsolete flows
• Over-tested paths

TIP: Use GitHub Actions to auto-regenerate stale tests weekly.

📈 KPIs to Track​

🔮 Future Trends​

• 🖼️ Visual test generation from screenshots
• 🗣️ Natural language test execution (e.g., “Test checkout flow”)
• 🔁 Adaptive test regeneration on UI changes
• 🔍 Predictive test flakiness detection

✅ Final Thoughts​

AI doesn’t replace your QA team—it supercharges them.

By combining:

• GPT-based prompt generation
• Human review and refinement
• CI/CD integration

You can reduce time-to-test by weeks while increasing test quality.

CTA: Try our GitHub starter kit and let AI handle the boring test boilerplate while your team focuses on real innovation.

The future of testing isn’t just faster—it’s intelligent.

This guide will walk you through the process of creating a web application using Next.js, React, and Tailwind CSS. The application will include pages for the homepage, login, register, and dashboard, and will implement a persistent Redux store with types, actions, reducers, and sagas. Additionally, it will support both database and social login, feature light and dark themes, and include header and footer components. We will also set up private and public routes and provide commands for building, starting, and deploying the application on Vercel.

Prerequisites​

• Node.js installed on your machine
• Basic knowledge of JavaScript and React
• Familiarity with Redux and Next.js

1. Setting Up the Next.js Project​

1. Create a new Next.js application:

npx create-next-app my-next-app
cd my-next-app

Use below command to create a new Next.js application with TypeScript:

npx create-next-app my-next-app --typescript
cd my-next-app

2. Install Tailwind CSS: Follow the official Tailwind CSS installation guide for Next.js:

npm install -D tailwindcss postcss autoprefixer
npx tailwindcss init -p

3. Configure Tailwind CSS: Update tailwind.config.js:

module.exports = {
  content: ['./pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', './components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}'],
  theme: {
    extend: {},
  },
  plugins: [],
};

4. Add Tailwind to your CSS: In styles/globals.css, add the following:

@tailwind base;
@tailwind components;
@tailwind utilities;

2. Setting Up Redux​

1. Install Redux and related libraries:

npm install redux react-redux redux-saga

2. Create Redux Store: Create a folder named store and add the following files:

   • store/index.js:

   import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
   import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga';
   import rootReducer from './reducers';
   import rootSaga from './sagas';
   
   const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();
   const store = createStore(rootReducer, applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware));
   
   -sagaMiddleware.run(rootSaga);
   
   export default store;
   

   • store/reducers/index.js:

   import { combineReducers } from 'redux';
   import authReducer from './authReducer';
   
   const rootReducer = combineReducers({
     auth: authReducer,
   });
   
   export default rootReducer;
   

   • store/reducers/authReducer.js:

   const initialState = {
     user: null,
     loading: false,
     error: null,
   };
   
   const authReducer = (state = initialState, action) => {
     switch (action.type) {
       case 'LOGIN_REQUEST':
         return { ...state, loading: true };
       case 'LOGIN_SUCCESS':
         return { ...state, loading: false, user: action.payload };
       case 'LOGIN_FAILURE':
         return { ...state, loading: false, error: action.payload };
       default:
         return state;
     }
   };
   
   export default authReducer;
   

   • store/sagas/index.js:

   import { all } from 'redux-saga/effects';
   import authSaga from './authSaga';
   
   export default function\* rootSaga() {
   yield all([
   authSaga(),
   ]);
   }
   

   • store/sagas/authSaga.js:

   import { call, put, takeEvery } from 'redux-saga/effects';
   import { loginService } from '../services/authService';
   
   function\* login(action) {
   try {
   const user = yield call(loginService, action.payload);
   yield put({ type: 'LOGIN_SUCCESS', payload: user });
   } catch (error) {
   yield put({ type: 'LOGIN_FAILURE', payload: error.message });
   }
   }
   
   export default function\* authSaga() {
   yield takeEvery('LOGIN_REQUEST', login);
   }
   

3. Create Services for MySQL: Create a folder named services and add the following file:

   • services/authService.js:

import axios from 'axios';

export const loginService = async (credentials) => {
  const response = await axios.post('/api/login', credentials);
  return response.data;
};

3. Creating Pages​

1. Homepage (pages/index.js):

import Head from 'next/head';

const Home = () => {
  return (
    <div>
      <Head>
        <title>Home</title>
      </Head>
      <h1 className="text-4xl">Welcome to My Next.js App</h1>
    </div>
  );
};

export default Home;

2. Login Page (pages/login.js):

import { useDispatch } from 'react-redux';

const Login = () => {
  const dispatch = useDispatch();

  const handleLogin = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    const credentials = {
      username: e.target.username.value,
      password: e.target.password.value,
    };
    dispatch({ type: 'LOGIN_REQUEST', payload: credentials });
  };

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleLogin}>
      <input name="username" type="text" placeholder="Username" required />
      <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password" required />
      <button type="submit">Login</button>
    </form>
  );
};

export default Login;

3. Register Page (pages/register.js):

const Register = () => {
  return (
    <form>
      <input name="username" type="text" placeholder="Username" required />
      <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email" required />
      <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password" required />
      <button type="submit">Register</button>
    </form>
  );
};

export default Register;

4. Dashboard Page (pages/dashboard.js):

const Dashboard = () => {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Dashboard</h1>
    </div>
  );
};

export default Dashboard;

4. Implementing Themes​

1. Create a Theme Context: Create a folder named context and add the following file:

   • context/ThemeContext.js:

import { createContext, useContext, useState } from 'react';

const ThemeContext = createContext();

export const ThemeProvider = ({ children }) => {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light');

  const toggleTheme = () => {
    setTheme((prev) => (prev === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'));
  };

  return <ThemeContext.Provider value={{ theme, toggleTheme }}>{children}</ThemeContext.Provider>;
};

export const useTheme = () => useContext(ThemeContext);

2. Wrap the Application with ThemeProvider: In pages/\_app.js, wrap your application with the ThemeProvider:

import { ThemeProvider } from '../context/ThemeContext';

function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {
  return (
    <ThemeProvider>
      <Component {...pageProps} />
    </ThemeProvider>
  );
}

export default MyApp;

5. Creating Header and Footer Components​

1. Header Component (components/Header.js):

import Link from 'next/link';
import { useTheme } from '../context/ThemeContext';

const Header = () => {
  const { toggleTheme } = useTheme();

  return (
    <header>
      <nav>
        <Link href="/">Home</Link>
        <Link href="/login">Login</Link>
        <Link href="/register">Register</Link>
        <Link href="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link>
        <button onClick={toggleTheme}>Toggle Theme</button>
      </nav>
    </header>
  );
};

export default Header;

2. Footer Component (components/Footer.js):

const Footer = () => {
  return (
    <footer>
      <p>© 2024 My Next.js App</p>
    </footer>
  );
};

export default Footer;

3. Include Header and Footer in Pages: Update your pages to include the Header and Footer components:

import Header from '../components/Header';
import Footer from '../components/Footer';

const Home = () => {
  return (
    <div>
      <Header />
      <h1>Welcome to My Next.js App</h1>
      <Footer />
    </div>
  );
};

export default Home;

6. Implementing Private and Public Routes​

1. Create a Higher-Order Component for Route Protection: Create a folder named hocs and add the following file:

   • hocs/withAuth.js:

import { useSelector } from 'react-redux';
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';
import React from 'react';

const withAuth = (WrappedComponent) => {
  const AuthenticatedComponent = (props) => {
    const router = useRouter();
    const user = useSelector((state) => state.auth.user);

    // Redirect to login if user is not authenticated
    React.useEffect(() => {
      if (!user) {
        router.push('/login');
      }
    }, [user, router]);

    return user ? <WrappedComponent {...props} /> : null;
  };

  return AuthenticatedComponent;
};

export default withAuth;

2. Protect the Dashboard Page: Update your Dashboard page to use the withAuth HOC:

   • pages/dashboard.js:

   import withAuth from '../hocs/withAuth';
   
   const Dashboard = () => {
     return (
       <div>
         <h1>Dashboard</h1>
       </div>
     );
   };
   
   export default withAuth(Dashboard);
   

3. Public Route Example: For pages like login and register, you can create a similar HOC to prevent logged-in users from accessing these pages:

   • hocs/withPublic.js:

   import { useSelector } from 'react-redux';
   import { useRouter } from 'next/router';
   import React from 'react';
   
   const withPublic = (WrappedComponent) => {
     const PublicComponent = (props) => {
       const router = useRouter();
       const user = useSelector((state) => state.auth.user);
   
       // Redirect to dashboard if user is already authenticated
       React.useEffect(() => {
         if (user) {
           router.push('/dashboard');
         }
       }, [user, router]);
   
       return <WrappedComponent {...props} />;
     };
   
     return PublicComponent;
   };
   
   export default withPublic;
   

4. Update Login and Register Pages: Use withPublic on the login and register pages:

   • pages/login.js:

   import { useDispatch } from 'react-redux';
   import withPublic from '../hocs/withPublic';
   
   const Login = () => {
     const dispatch = useDispatch();
   
     const handleLogin = (e) => {
       e.preventDefault();
       const credentials = {
         username: e.target.username.value,
         password: e.target.password.value,
       };
       dispatch({ type: 'LOGIN_REQUEST', payload: credentials });
     };
   
     return (
       <form onSubmit={handleLogin}>
         <input name="username" type="text" placeholder="Username" required />
         <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password" required />
         <button type="submit">Login</button>
       </form>
     );
   };
   
   export default withPublic(Login);
   

   • pages/register.js:

   import withPublic from '../hocs/withPublic';
   
   const Register = () => {
     return (
       <form>
         <input name="username" type="text" placeholder="Username" required />
         <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email" required />
         <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password" required />
         <button type="submit">Register</button>
       </form>
     );
   };
   
   export default withPublic(Register);
   

7. Implementing Light and Dark Themes​

1. Add Theme Classes: Update your ThemeProvider to apply dark and light theme classes to the app.

   • context/ThemeContext.js:

   const ThemeProvider = ({ children }) => {
     const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light');
   
     const toggleTheme = () => {
       setTheme((prev) => (prev === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'));
     };
   
     return (
       <div className={theme}>
         <ThemeContext.Provider value={{ theme, toggleTheme }}>{children}</ThemeContext.Provider>
       </div>
     );
   };
   

2. Add Tailwind CSS for Themes: In your styles/globals.css, include styles for dark mode:

/* Dark mode styles */ 
.dark {
  @apply bg-gray-900 text-white;
}

3. Update Components: Ensure your components utilize the theme classes accordingly.

8. Commands for Build, Start, and Deploy on Vercel​

1. Build Command: Add the following scripts to your package.json file:

"scripts": {
"dev": "next dev",
"build": "next build",
"start": "next start",
"deploy": "vercel --prod"
}

2. Deploying to Vercel:

   • First, install the Vercel CLI globally if you haven't already:

   npm install -g vercel
   

   • To deploy your application, run the following command in your project directory:

   vercel
   

   • Follow the prompts to link your project to a Vercel account.

   To deploy to production, use:

   npm run deploy
   

Conclusion​

You have now set up a Next.js application using React and Tailwind CSS with a complete functionality including user authentication, light and dark themes, and routing. You can further extend this application by adding more features as needed. Happy coding!

Additional Resources​

• Next.js Documentation
• Redux Documentation
• Tailwind CSS Documentation
• Vercel Documentation

This guide serves as a comprehensive starting point. Feel free to customize and enhance your application as you see fit!

GitHub Copilot is an AI-powered coding assistant that helps developers by providing code suggestions and automating repetitive coding tasks. This document outlines the key commands, features, and usage scenarios for GitHub Copilot.

Activation and Basic Commands​

Comment-Based Commands​

GitHub Copilot can be directed using comments to produce specific code snippets, examples, or logic.

Code Completion Commands​

GitHub Copilot can automatically complete your code based on the context provided by your current file.

Advanced Suggestions​

GitHub Copilot can be used for more advanced coding scenarios, including refactoring, generating boilerplate code, and handling specific languages or frameworks.

Testing and Debugging​

GitHub Copilot can assist with writing tests, debugging code, and providing potential fixes.

Copilot in Pair Programming​

When paired with another developer or using pair programming practices, GitHub Copilot can still assist without taking over the coding session.

Language-Specific Commands​

GitHub Copilot is language-agnostic, but you can tailor its suggestions to specific languages by using commands or comments relevant to the language's syntax or idioms.

Settings and Customization​

Users can customize how GitHub Copilot behaves within their IDE or editor.

Miscellaneous​

Other useful commands and features that enhance your coding experience with GitHub Copilot.

This guide should help you make the most of GitHub Copilot's capabilities, enhancing your productivity and coding experience.

This document provides a detailed overview of commonly used Git commands, organized by category.

Git Configuration​

Creating Repositories​

Staging and Committing​

Branching and Merging​

Remote Repositories​

Inspecting and Comparing​

Undoing Changes​

Tagging​

Stashing​

Submodules​

Miscellaneous​

Useful Aliases​

This guide provides a solid foundation for working with Git, whether you're just getting started or need a quick reference for more advanced tasks.