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6 posts tagged with "Scalability"

Strategies and patterns for building highly scalable applications.

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Comparison of pip and npm Commands

· 4 min read
Deepak Kamboj
Senior Software Engineer

This document compares the commands used by pip (Python package manager) and npm (Node.js package manager) to perform similar tasks.

Installation Commands

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Install a packagepip install <package_name>npm install <package_name>Installs the specified package globally or locally within a project.
Install packages from a filepip install -r requirements.txtnpm installInstalls all packages listed in the requirements file (requirements.txt for pip, package.json for npm).
Install a specific versionpip install <package_name>==<version>npm install <package_name>@<version>Installs the specified version of the package.
Install globallypip install <package_name> (with --user)npm install -g <package_name>Installs the package globally, making it available system-wide.
Install a package from GitHubpip install git+https://github.com/user/repo.gitnpm install git+https://github.com/user/repo.gitInstalls a package directly from a GitHub repository.
Install a package from a local pathpip install ./path/to/packagenpm install ./path/to/packageInstalls a package from a local directory.

Uninstallation Commands

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Uninstall a packagepip uninstall <package_name>npm uninstall <package_name>Uninstalls the specified package.
Uninstall globallypip uninstall <package_name> (with --user)npm uninstall -g <package_name>Uninstalls the package globally.

Listing Installed Packages

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
List installed packagespip listnpm listLists all installed packages in the current environment or project.
List globally installed packagespip list --usernpm list -gLists all globally installed packages.

Updating Packages

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Update a packagepip install --upgrade <package_name>npm update <package_name>Updates the specified package to the latest version.
Update all packagesN/Anpm updateUpdates all packages in the node_modules directory to their latest versions according to the version ranges specified in package.json.

Package Information

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Show package detailspip show <package_name>npm info <package_name>Displays detailed information about the specified package.
Search for a packagepip search <package_name>npm search <package_name>Searches the package index for a package by name.

Dependency Management

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Install dependencies from a filepip install -r requirements.txtnpm installInstalls dependencies listed in requirements.txt for pip or package.json for npm.
Check for outdated packagespip list --outdatednpm outdatedLists all outdated packages.

Project Initialization

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Initialize a projectN/A (Manual creation of files)npm initInitializes a new Node.js project and creates a package.json file.
Save installed packages to a filepip freeze > requirements.txtnpm shrinkwrap or npm install --package-lockSaves the current list of installed packages to a requirements.txt for pip or package-lock.json for npm.

Configuration and Scripts

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Run scripts defined in config fileN/Anpm run <script_name>Runs a script defined in the scripts section of package.json.
View or set config variablespip config get/setnpm config get/setGets or sets configuration variables.

Virtual Environments

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Create a virtual environmentpython -m venv <env_name>npx <package_name>Creates a virtual environment in Python; for npm, a similar effect can be achieved using npx.
Activate a virtual environmentsource <env_name>/bin/activate (Linux/macOS) or <env_name>\Scripts\activate (Windows)N/AActivates a Python virtual environment. NPM does not have a direct equivalent.

Cleaning Up

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Clean up cachepip cache purgenpm cache clean --forceCleans the local cache of downloaded files.

Lock Files

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
Generate a lock fileN/A (pip does not natively support lock files)npm shrinkwrap or npm install --package-lockGenerates a package-lock.json file that locks the versions of installed dependencies.

Environment Variables

Taskpip Commandnpm CommandDescription
List environment variablespip config listnpm config listLists environment variables related to pip or npm configuration.
Set environment variablepip config set <name> <value>npm config set <name> <value>Sets an environment variable.

Conclusion

pip and npm are both powerful tools for managing packages in their respective ecosystems. While there are many similarities in their command structures, there are also differences that reflect the distinct environments they operate in (Python vs. Node.js).

Step-by-Step Guide - Setting Up a Python Project for CRUD Operations with MySQL

· 4 min read
Deepak Kamboj
Senior Software Engineer

1. Install Python

Windows

  • Download Python from the official website: Python Downloads.
  • Run the installer and ensure you check the box that says "Add Python to PATH".
  • Follow the installation prompts.

macOS

  • Open Terminal.

  • Install Python using Homebrew (if Homebrew is not installed, first install it from Homebrew):

    brew install python

Linux

  • Open Terminal.

  • Install Python using your package manager. For example, on Ubuntu:

    sudo apt update
    sudo apt install python3 python3-pip
  • Verify the installation:

    python --version

2. Install pip

pip is usually installed with Python, but if it’s not installed, you can install it manually.

Windows

python -m ensurepip --upgrade

macOS/Linux

  python3 -m ensurepip --upgrade

Verify pip installation:

  pip --version

3. Create a Virtual Environment

Windows

  • Open Command Prompt or PowerShell.

  • Navigate to your project directory:

    cd path\to\your\project
  • Create a virtual environment:

    python -m venv env

macOS/Linux

  • Open Terminal.

  • Navigate to your project directory:

      cd /path/to/your/project
  • Create a virtual environment:

      python3 -m venv venv

4. Activate the Virtual Environment

Windows

.\venv\Scripts\activate

macOS/Linux

  source venv/bin/activate

When the virtual environment is activated, you should see (venv) preceding the command prompt.

5. Install Required Packages

  • Install the necessary packages including mysql-connector-python and python-dotenv:

    pip install mysql-connector-python python-dotenv

6. Set Up the MySQL Database

Create a MySQL Database and Table

  • Log in to your MySQL server:

    mysql -u root -p
  • Create a new database:

    CREATE DATABASE mydatabase;
  • Use the newly created database:

    USE mydatabase;
  • Create a table for CRUD operations:

    CREATE TABLE users (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(100),
    email VARCHAR(100)
    );

7. Create a .env File

  • In the root of your project directory, create a file named .env.

  • Add your MySQL connection details to this file. For example:

    DB_HOST=localhost
    DB_USER=root
    DB_PASSWORD=yourpassword
    DB_NAME=mydatabase

8. Load Environment Variables and Connect to MySQL

  • In your Python script, use python-dotenv to load environment variables from the .env file and connect to the MySQL database.

Example config.py:

  • Create a file named config.py in your project directory and add the following code:

    import os
    from dotenv import load_dotenv
    import mysql.connector


    # Load environment variables from .env file

    load_dotenv()

    # Connect to MySQL database

    connection = mysql.connector.connect(
    host=os.getenv('DB_HOST'),
    user=os.getenv('DB_USER'),
    password=os.getenv('DB_PASSWORD'),
    database=os.getenv('DB_NAME')
    )

    cursor = connection.cursor()

9. Perform CRUD Operations

  • Create (Insert Data)


    def create_user(name, email):
    sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)"
    values = (name, email)
    cursor.execute(sql, values)
    connection.commit()
    print(f"User {name} added successfully.")

    # Example usage

    create_user('John Doe', 'john@example.com')

  • Read (Retrieve Data)


    def get_users():
    cursor.execute("SELECT \* FROM users")
    result = cursor.fetchall()
    for row in result:
    print(row)


    # Example usage

    get_users()
  • Update (Modify Data)


    def update_user(user_id, name, email):
    sql = "UPDATE users SET name = %s, email = %s WHERE id = %s"
    values = (name, email, user_id)
    cursor.execute(sql, values)
    connection.commit()
    print(f"User ID {user_id} updated successfully.")


    # Example usage

    update_user(1, 'Jane Doe', 'jane@example.com')
  • Delete (Remove Data)

    def delete_user(user_id):
    sql = "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = %s"
    values = (user_id,)
    cursor.execute(sql, values)
    connection.commit()
    print(f"User ID {user_id} deleted successfully.")


    # Example usage

    delete_user(1)

10. Run and Test the Python Program

  • Ensure your virtual environment is activated.

  • Run the Python program:

    python config.py
  • The program will perform the CRUD operations on the MySQL database.

11. Close the Database Connection

  • Always close the database connection when done:

    cursor.close()
    connection.close()

You can save this content as README.md in your project directory for a comprehensive guide on setting up a Python project for CRUD operations with a MySQL database.

Introduction to Tailwind CSS

· 4 min read
Deepak Kamboj
Senior Software Engineer

Tailwind CSS is a utility-first CSS framework packed with classes like flex, pt-4, text-center, and rotate-90 that can be composed to build any design, directly in your markup.

Key Features:

  • Utility-First: Build custom designs without writing CSS.
  • Responsive Design: Mobile-first approach with responsive utilities.
  • Customization: Easily customize your design system with Tailwind's configuration file.
  • Performance: Tailwind removes unused CSS in production, optimizing load times.

2. Setting Up Tailwind CSS

To get started, you need to set up Tailwind CSS in your project. You can use Tailwind CSS via CDN for quick prototyping, or install it via npm for more control.

Using CDN

Add the following lines in the <head> of your HTML file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Tailwind CSS Tutorial</title>
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/tailwindcss@2.2.19/dist/tailwind.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container mx-auto">
<h1 class="text-3xl font-bold underline">Hello, Tailwind CSS!</h1>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Using npm

  1. Install Tailwind CSS:

    npm install -D tailwindcss
    npx tailwindcss init
  2. Configure Tailwind: tailwind.config.js:

    module.exports = {
    content: ['./src/**/*.{html,js}'],
    theme: {
    extend: {},
    },
    plugins: [],
    };
  3. Create CSS file: src/styles/tailwind.css:

    @tailwind base;
    @tailwind components;
    @tailwind utilities;
  4. Build Tailwind: Add the following script in package.json:

    "scripts": {
    "build:css": "tailwindcss -i ./src/styles/tailwind.css -o ./dist/styles.css --watch"
    }

    Then run:

    npm run build:css
  5. Include in HTML:

    <link href="/dist/styles.css" rel="stylesheet">

3. Utility-First Fundamentals

Tailwind's utility-first approach means you can build complex designs using low-level utility classes.

Layout

  • Container:

    <div class="container mx-auto">
    <!-- Content here -->
    </div>
  • Flexbox:

    <div class="flex">
    <div class="flex-1">Flex 1</div>
    <div class="flex-1">Flex 2</div>
    </div>
  • Grid:

    <div class="grid grid-cols-3 gap-4">
    <div>1</div>
    <div>2</div>
    <div>3</div>
    </div>

Spacing

  • Margin and Padding:
    <div class="m-4 p-4">
    Margin and Padding
    </div>

Typography

  • Text and Font:
    <h1 class="text-3xl font-bold">Hello, World!</h1>

Backgrounds

  • Colors and Gradients:
    <div class="bg-blue-500 text-white p-4">
    Background Color
    </div>
    <div class="bg-gradient-to-r from-green-400 via-blue-500 to-purple-600 p-4">
    Gradient Background
    </div>

4. Responsive Design

Tailwind CSS makes responsive design simple with mobile-first responsive utilities.

Breakpoints

  • Small (sm): 640px
  • Medium (md): 768px
  • Large (lg): 1024px
  • Extra Large (xl): 1280px
  • 2XL (2xl): 1536px

Usage

<div class="text-sm md:text-lg lg:text-2xl">
Responsive Text
</div>

This changes the text size at different screen widths.

5. Customizing Tailwind

You can customize the default configuration to match your design system.

Colors

tailwind.config.js:

module.exports = {
theme: {
extend: {
colors: {
customColor: '#aabbcc',
},
},
},
};

Fonts

tailwind.config.js:

module.exports = {
theme: {
extend: {
fontFamily: {
custom: ['CustomFont', 'sans-serif'],
},
},
},
};

6. Using Plugins

Tailwind CSS has a rich ecosystem of plugins for additional functionality.

Example Plugin Installation

npm install @tailwindcss/typography

Configuration

tailwind.config.js:

module.exports = {
plugins: [
require('@tailwindcss/typography'),
],
};

Usage

<article class="prose">
<h1>Title</h1>
<p>Content with optimized typography.</p>
</article>

7. Advanced Concepts

JIT Mode (Just-In-Time)

JIT mode generates your styles on-demand as you author your templates.

Enable JIT mode: tailwind.config.js:

module.exports = {
mode: 'jit',
content: ['./src/**/*.{html,js}'],
theme: {
extend: {},
},
plugins: [],
};

Purging Unused CSS

Purging unused CSS helps in keeping your stylesheets small.

tailwind.config.js:

module.exports = {
content: ['./src/**/*.{html,js}'],
theme: {
extend: {},
},
plugins: [],
};

8. Best Practices

Component Extraction

Extract commonly used groups of classes into reusable components.

<div class="btn btn-primary">Button</div>

<style>
.btn {
@apply px-4 py-2 rounded;
}
.btn-primary {
@apply bg-blue-500 text-white;
}
</style>

Naming Conventions

Use clear and consistent naming conventions for classes and components to improve readability and maintainability.

9. Conclusion

Tailwind CSS is a powerful utility-first framework that enables you to build responsive and modern designs with ease. By mastering Tailwind's utilities, configuration, and plugins, you can significantly speed up your development workflow and maintain a clean codebase.

Implementing Redux in React vs NextJS

· 5 min read
Deepak Kamboj
Senior Software Engineer

In React, Redux is commonly used for global state management, often integrated using middleware like Redux Saga or Thunk. When transitioning to Next.js, Redux works similarly, but you’ll need to consider how Next.js handles server-side rendering (SSR) and static site generation (SSG). This guide compares Redux implementation in React and Next.js and explores how to handle SSR and persistent stores in Next.js.


Redux Store in React

In a typical React app, Redux is integrated using the following steps:

  1. Create a Redux store: This is often done in a store.js or store/index.js file.
  2. Provider Setup: Redux Provider is wrapped around your application in index.js or App.js.
  3. Connecting Components: Components use useSelector and useDispatch hooks to connect to Redux.

Example (React)

// store.js
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga';
import rootReducer from './reducers';
import rootSaga from './sagas';

const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();
const store = createStore(rootReducer, applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware));

sagaMiddleware.run(rootSaga);
export default store;
// index.js (React entry point)
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import { Provider } from 'react-redux';
import store from './store';
import App from './App';

ReactDOM.render(
<Provider store={store}>
<App />
</Provider>,
document.getElementById('root'),
);

Redux Store in NextJS

In Next.js, you will handle Redux slightly differently to accommodate server-side rendering (SSR) and static site generation (SSG).

  1. Create the Redux store: This can be done similarly to React.

  2. Next.js Integration: You'll need to integrate the store using next-redux-wrapper to enable SSR.

  3. Provider Setup: You’ll wrap your _app.js component with Redux Provider using next-redux-wrapper. Example (Next.js)

Example (Next.js)

npm install next-redux-wrapper redux redux-saga
// store.js (Next.js)
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga';
import { createWrapper } from 'next-redux-wrapper';
import rootReducer from './reducers';
import rootSaga from './sagas';

const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();

const makeStore = () => {
const store = createStore(rootReducer, applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware));
sagaMiddleware.run(rootSaga);
return store;
};

export const wrapper = createWrapper(makeStore);
// _app.js (Next.js entry point)
import { wrapper } from '../store';

function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {
return <Component {...pageProps} />;
}

export default wrapper.withRedux(MyApp);

Comparing Redux Implementation

1. Types

In both React and Next.js, you define action types the same way. Typically, these are stored in a types.js file.

// types.js
export const FETCH_DATA = 'FETCH_DATA';
export const FETCH_SUCCESS = 'FETCH_SUCCESS';
export const FETCH_ERROR = 'FETCH_ERROR';

2. Actions

In both cases, actions are functions that return a type and payload. In Next.js, actions work identically to React.

// actions.js
import { FETCH_DATA, FETCH_SUCCESS, FETCH_ERROR } from './types';

export const fetchData = () => ({ type: FETCH_DATA });
export const fetchSuccess = (data) => ({ type: FETCH_SUCCESS, payload: data });
export const fetchError = (error) => ({ type: FETCH_ERROR, payload: error });

3. Reducers

Reducers in React and Next.js work the same way. The key difference in Next.js is how the initial state may vary based on SSR and SSG needs.

// reducer.js
import { FETCH_DATA, FETCH_SUCCESS, FETCH_ERROR } from './types';

const initialState = {
data: null,
loading: false,
error: null,
};

export default function rootReducer(state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case FETCH_DATA:
return { ...state, loading: true };
case FETCH_SUCCESS:
return { ...state, data: action.payload, loading: false };
case FETCH_ERROR:
return { ...state, error: action.payload, loading: false };
default:
return state;
}
}

4. Sagas

Redux Sagas handle side effects like API calls. In Next.js, the next-redux-wrapper ensures sagas work with SSR.

// sagas.js
import { takeLatest, call, put } from 'redux-saga/effects';
import { FETCH_DATA, fetchSuccess, fetchError } from './actions';
import { fetchApi } from './api';

function* fetchDataSaga() {
try {
const data = yield call(fetchApi);
yield put(fetchSuccess(data));
} catch (error) {
yield put(fetchError(error.message));
}
}

export default function* rootSaga() {
yield takeLatest(FETCH_DATA, fetchDataSaga);
}

5. Persistent Store

In React, you may use libraries like redux-persist to persist the Redux store. In Next.js, persistence can be slightly more complex due to SSR.

React Persistent Store:

npm install redux-persist
// store.js
import { createStore } from 'redux';
import { persistStore, persistReducer } from 'redux-persist';
import storage from 'redux-persist/lib/storage'; // Defaults to localStorage
import rootReducer from './reducers';

const persistConfig = {
key: 'root',
storage,
};

const persistedReducer = persistReducer(persistConfig, rootReducer);

const store = createStore(persistedReducer);
const persistor = persistStore(store);

export { store, persistor };

Next.js Persistent Store:

While Redux persist works similarly, with Next.js SSR, you’ll need to be cautious about when you persist the store to avoid server-side issues.

// store.js
import storage from 'redux-persist/lib/storage';
import { persistReducer, persistStore } from 'redux-persist';
import { createWrapper } from 'next-redux-wrapper';

const persistConfig = {
key: 'root',
storage,
whitelist: ['someReducer'], // Specify which reducers to persist
};

const persistedReducer = persistReducer(persistConfig, rootReducer);

const makeStore = () => {
const store = createStore(persistedReducer);
store.__PERSISTOR = persistStore(store);
return store;
};

export const wrapper = createWrapper(makeStore);

Best Practices

  1. SSR with Redux: When using Redux with Next.js, ensure that you're careful about what data is shared across server and client. Avoid persisting sensitive or large data on the server.

  2. State Hydration: Use Next.js getServerSideProps or getStaticProps to hydrate the store with data when needed.

export const getServerSideProps = wrapper.getServerSideProps((store) => async (context) => {
store.dispatch(fetchData());
await store.sagaTask.toPromise();
return { props: {} };
});
  1. Lazy Loading: Consider splitting up reducers and sagas to avoid a large bundle size. Use combineReducers or lazy loading of reducers where applicable.

Final Thoughts

The main differences between implementing Redux in React and Next.js revolve around SSR and Next.js-specific features. Redux remains consistent in both, but special attention must be paid to handling server-side rendering and hydration in Next.js.

By using next-redux-wrapper, Redux works seamlessly in Next.js, allowing you to manage global state efficiently while benefiting from server-side rendering.

ReactJS to NextJS Transition Guide

· 5 min read
Deepak Kamboj
Senior Software Engineer

Next.js is a React framework that provides several key features for building production-grade applications, such as server-side rendering, static site generation, and API routes. If you are familiar with React, transitioning to Next.js will enhance your productivity and simplify your development process.


Key Differences Between React and NextJS

FeatureReactJSNextJS
RoutingUses react-routerFile-based routing (no need for react-router)
Data FetchingUses useEffect or third-party libraries (e.g., SWR, Axios)Server-Side Rendering (SSR) and Static Site Generation (SSG) via getServerSideProps and getStaticProps
API RoutesTypically needs Express or other backendBuilt-in API routes using /pages/api
RenderingClient-side rendering (CSR)SSR, SSG, and ISR (Incremental Static Regeneration)
SEO OptimizationManual SEO handlingBuilt-in SEO optimization, head management
File StructureFreeform, customizableConventional folder structure (pages, public, etc.)
Development ModeCreate React App (npm start)Fast refresh with next dev
DeploymentNeeds configuration for SSR/SSGEasily deployable on platforms like Vercel

Setting Up a NextJS Project

  1. Install Next.js with npx or yarn:

    npx create-next-app@latest my-next-app
    # OR
    yarn create next-app my-next-app
  2. Start the development server:

     cd my-next-app
    npm run dev
  3. Folder Structure Overview:

  • pages/ - Contains all the routes for your application.
  • pages/api/ - Holds API route handlers.
  • public/ - Serves static files (images, fonts, etc.).
  • styles/ - Contains your CSS/SCSS files.

Routing in NextJS

ReactJS:

In React, you use react-router for defining routes.

// App.js in React
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom';

function App() {
return (
<Router>
<Switch>
<Route path="/about" component={About} />
<Route path="/contact" component={Contact} />
</Switch>
</Router>
);
}

NextJS:

Next.js uses a file-based routing system. The files you place in the pages/ directory automatically become routes.

// pages/index.js (Home Page)
export default function Home() {
return <h1>Home Page</h1>;
}

// pages/about.js (About Page)
export default function About() {
return <h1>About Page</h1>;
}

To create dynamic routes:

// pages/posts/[id].js (Dynamic Route)
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function Post() {
const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;
return <h1>Post ID: {id}</h1>;
}

Fetching Data in NextJS

Next.js offers multiple ways to fetch data:

Client-Side Fetching (Same as React):

You can still use useEffect and libraries like fetch or axios.

import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';

export default function Page() {
const [data, setData] = useState(null);

useEffect(() => {
fetch('/api/data')
.then((response) => response.json())
.then((data) => setData(data));
}, []);

return <div>{JSON.stringify(data)}</div>;
}

Server-Side Fetching:

  1. getServerSideProps: Fetch data on each request (SSR).
export async function getServerSideProps() {
const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');
const data = await res.json();

return { props: { data } };
}

export default function Page({ data }) {
return <div>{JSON.stringify(data)}</div>;
}

  1. getStaticProps: Fetch data at build time (SSG).
export async function getStaticProps() {
const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');
const data = await res.json();

return { props: { data } };
}

export default function Page({ data }) {
return <div>{JSON.stringify(data)}</div>;
}

API Routes in NextJS

Next.js allows you to create API routes within your application without setting up an external server.

  1. Create an API route by adding a file to the pages/api/ folder.
// pages/api/hello.js
export default function handler(req, res) {
res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello, Next.js API!' });
}

Access the API at http://localhost:3000/api/hello.

Styling in NextJS

You can use any CSS method you prefer: CSS Modules, SCSS, TailwindCSS, or plain CSS.

  1. CSS Modules:

    • Create a CSS file with .module.css extension and import it directly into your component.
    // styles/Home.module.css
    .container {
    background-color: lightblue;
    }
    import styles from '../styles/Home.module.css';

    export default function Home() {
    return <div className={styles.container}>Welcome!</div>;
    }
  2. Global Styles:

    • Define global styles in styles/globals.css and import in _app.js.

Deployment

  1. Vercel (Recommended): Next.js was created by Vercel, so deployment is extremely easy.

    • Connect your GitHub/GitLab repository to Vercel.
    • Each push to main triggers a new deployment.
  2. Custom Deployment:

    • For traditional servers, run the following build commands:
    npm run build
    npm run start
    • Deploy the .next folder and server.js on any server that supports Node.js.
  3. Static Exports:

    • If your site is entirely static, you can export it using:
    npm run export

Development Best Practices

  1. Use Pre-rendering: Take advantage of static generation (getStaticProps) and server-side rendering (getServerSideProps) to optimize your pages.

  2. API Routes: Leverage built-in API routes for quick API development without the need for external servers.

  3. SEO Optimization: Use the built-in <Head> component for managing metadata, page titles, and descriptions.

  4. Environment Variables: Store sensitive information in .env.local and access them via process.env.

    // Example usage in Next.js
    const apiKey = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_KEY;
  5. Optimization: Use Next.js's next/image component to optimize image loading and responsiveness.

    import Image from 'next/image';

    <Image src="/example.jpg" width={500} height={300} alt="Example Image" />;
  6. Fast Refresh: Next.js provides fast refresh in development, giving an instant feedback loop.

  7. Custom Error Pages: Create custom 404 or error pages by adding 404.js or _error.js in the pages/ folder.

By following this guide, you’ll be able to transition from ReactJS to NextJS smoothly and leverage the additional features NextJS provides for building scalable and performant applications.

Explanation of Sections:

  1. Key Differences: Provides a table to give an overview of how NextJS differs from ReactJS.
  2. Routing: Describes how routing is simplified in NextJS without the need for third-party libraries.
  3. Data Fetching: Explains the three main ways to fetch data (client-side, server-side, and static).
  4. API Routes: Introduces the built-in API routing system in NextJS.
  5. Styling: Covers CSS Modules and Global styles in NextJS.
  6. Deployment: Shows how to deploy to Vercel or other servers.
  7. Best Practices: Highlights important features to make development in NextJS easier.

Common Technology Stack Acronyms

· 3 min read
Deepak Kamboj
Senior Software Engineer

When building modern web applications, various technology stacks offer combinations of tools that work well together to streamline development. Below are some common technology stacks similar to the well-known MERN and LAMP stacks, each offering distinct advantages based on project needs.

MEAN Stack

  • MongoDB: NoSQL database for scalable, high-performance data storage.
  • Express.js: Lightweight web framework for building robust APIs.
  • Angular: Front-end framework for building dynamic user interfaces.
  • Node.js: JavaScript runtime for server-side programming.

MEVN Stack

  • MongoDB: NoSQL database for flexible data storage.
  • Express.js: Web framework for building RESTful APIs.
  • Vue.js: Progressive JavaScript framework for building user interfaces.
  • Node.js: Server-side JavaScript execution.

JAMstack

  • JavaScript: Used for dynamic client-side functionality.
  • APIs: Serve as backend services or logic.
  • Markup: Pre-rendered static HTML files for better performance.

LAMP Stack

  • Linux: Operating system that provides stability and security.
  • Apache: Web server for serving web pages and managing traffic.
  • MySQL/MariaDB: Relational databases for structured data storage.
  • PHP/Python/Perl: Programming languages for server-side scripting.

WAMP Stack

  • Windows: Operating system for local development on Windows machines.
  • Apache: Web server for handling web requests and serving web content.
  • MySQL/MariaDB: Relational database for data storage.
  • PHP/Python/Perl: Server-side programming languages.

LEMP Stack

  • Linux: Operating system for stability and performance.
  • EngineX (Nginx): Web server for handling web traffic and reverse proxying.
  • MySQL/MariaDB: Relational databases for structured data storage.
  • PHP/Python/Perl: Server-side languages for dynamic content.

MERN Stack

  • MongoDB: NoSQL database for storing JSON-like data.
  • Express.js: Back-end framework for developing web applications and APIs.
  • React: JavaScript library for building dynamic front-end user interfaces.
  • Node.js: JavaScript runtime for server-side development.

Django Stack

  • Django: Python web framework for rapid development and clean design.
  • PostgreSQL: Relational database system known for reliability and robustness (other databases like MySQL can also be used).
  • Nginx: Web server for serving static content and handling traffic.

PERN Stack

  • PostgreSQL: Relational database management system.
  • Express.js: Web application framework for handling HTTP requests.
  • React: JavaScript library for front-end development.
  • Node.js: Server-side JavaScript runtime environment.

While the PERN stack isn’t purely Python, it's often paired with Python-based backend services.

FLASK Stack

  • Flask: Lightweight Python web framework designed for simplicity and flexibility.
  • Linux: Operating system for servers.
  • Apache: Web server software.
  • SQLAlchemy: Object-relational mapper (ORM) for managing database operations.
  • Kubernetes: Container orchestration platform for automating deployment and scaling.

PyData Stack

  • Python: Programming language widely used in data science.
  • Pandas: Library for data manipulation and analysis.
  • Numpy: Library for numerical computing in Python.
  • SciPy: Library for scientific and technical computing.
  • Jupyter: Open-source tool providing interactive computing environments (notebooks).

Each of these technology stacks has its own strengths, and the choice of stack depends on the specific requirements and goals of the project. Whether focusing on web development, data science, or scalable applications, there's a stack designed to optimize the development process.